Rice Crops in US

 Introduction Ethiopia is confronting diverse climate associated challenges in 2020. The main challenges are related with all the desert locust invasions from the Northeast (Tigray, Wollo and Afar regions ) and South-eastern (Dire Dawa and Hararghe) areas of the country and flooding connected with continuous heavy rains which has influenced the Fogera plain and the lowland regions of Afar region. Additionally, the flooding in the Fogera plain was aggravated by (I) the bad management of irrigation stations of this uncompleted rib river irrigation strategy, which was under construction since 2008, (ii) lack of flood management structures in the districts of the Fogera plain, and (iii) the lack of coordinated and proper watershed management practices (e.g. afforestation, terracing and other flooding controlling practices) on the upper catchment areas (upland regions ) of this Fogera plain, and a lack of flood-risk mitigation and analysis for a quick reaction.We introduce the extent of flood damage in the Fogera plain according to (I) direct observations and conversation with flood affected rice farmers, and (ii) data collected in the district and kebele[1] offices of Agriculture and Early Warning and Risk Management offices. Along with the extent of harm, we discuss the on-going efforts put in place to address challenges along with expected impacts on rice commercialization and the livelihoods of farmers in the Fogera plain.Measures underway to Deal with the affected familiesFollowing the floods, those severely affected have obtained diplomatic aid to, such as supply of temporary shelter (home, blankets, tarpaulins, sleeping mats) and relief support (provision of food and water).Concerning rehabilitation, there is a strategy to guarantee availability of seeds from crops that may be grown while the floodwater subsides, chiefly related to short maturing crops like pulses and plants which may be grown with supplementary irrigation. As reported by respondents, the anticipated challenges will probably likely be (I) ensuring the supply of quality seed of favored types of short maturing crops, (ii) labor deficit, as all influenced farmers will need to plant at precisely the same time, (iii) the potential communicable disease pandemic following the flood (e.g. typhoid, cholera and Malaria), and (iv) persistent food insecurity exerted by the flood and COVID-19 associated food price surge. Expected effect of the flood on rice commercialization and farmers' livelihoods responses of affected farmers and specialists from the respective district office of agriculture and Early Warning and Risk Management offices indicate the following short and long-term impacts related to rice commercialisation and farmers' livelihoods:The requirement to Guarantee food safety for the affected farm households during humanitarian assistance, which also demands redirection of agriculture development efforts; Availability of paddy rice in the current principal production will be substantially reduced leading to higher costs of both paddy and milled rice. This may aggravate the observed increase in both paddy and milled rice because of COVID 19 pandemic;The food safety status of plantation householders in rural areas and families in urban areas will be considerably reduced as food prices will be very high; The planned harvest production on the residual moisture in the soil after the floods will result in progress in the access to food for farm households. On the other hand, the extent of manufacturing is expected to be affected by shortage of labor, as all affected farmers will begin farm activities at exactly the exact same moment.Given the exacerbation of harm has been mainly due to the inefficiency in the construction and lack of timely completion of rib irrigation scheme, policy makers are expected to enhance production systems with better access to irrigation, along with also the chance of off-season production of different crops including high value crops (vegetables). Rib irrigation is one of the significant investments at the Fogera plain expected to transform the whole crop production system covering 20,000 ha of property and hitting 40,000 farmers.The construction of Rib irrigation dam started in 2008 by a local contractor, Ethiopian Construction Works Corporation together with the financial aid of World Bank included in the Bank's Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project (ENIDP) with first estimated budget of 1.3 billion birr and has been supposed to be completed in 2012. It was formally inaugurated in 2018 after 10 years in a cost of 3.8 billion birr. On the other hand, the scheme is still not completed, together with the regional government planning to achieve this in the first half of 2021. The key reasons for delay are (I) layout changes, (ii) inefficiency of the contractor and general public supervision, and (iii) reported corruption and delays in compensating for farmland and communal property.

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